INTRODUCTION:

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection mainly caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of paleopathology in infectious diseases has proven the very ancient origin of this disease tuberculosis is the most common cause of death due to a single infectious agent worldwide in adults.¹ Tuberculosis is primarily a poor-country disease, with developing countries accounting for 95% of cases and 98% of facilities underdeveloped nations, tuberculosis is the primary parasitic HIV/AIDS.²

In the two decades (1944–1955) that the medications used to treat tuberculosis were developed, a relatively small number of scientists made significant discoveries.³ First, short-course chemotherapy that used combinations of these drugs was successful.

Second, extensive screening techniques for the identification of novel antituberculosis drugs especially labor-intensive and problematic pertaining to how the pathogen is handled. Lastly, and likely most Victor Arya.⁴ In addition to eliminating pathogenic M. tuberculosis, they choose for drug subsequently effective against those medications' target microorganisms in effective.⁵ The bacteria also evade macrophage-killing by causing the neutralization of reactive nitrogen intermediates.⁶ A common household item, turmeric (Curcuma longa) is utilized as a cure for a number of illnesses. Turmeric's curcumin, a flavonoid, inhibits the liver's CYP3A4 and other drug-metabolizing enzymes. It can also alter the P-gp drug transporter, which increases the bioavailability of midazolam and celiprolol in rats. Curcumin and piperine both have similar bioenhancer properties. UDP-glucuronyl transferase levels in the tissues of the gut and liver are suppressed by curcumin. Additionally, it alters the gastrointestinal tract's physiological activity, which improves medication absorption.^7,8,9 Random mutations can cause resistance to emerge spontaneously; however, resistance most frequently develops gradually over time as a result of antibiotic or antimicrobial abuse.¹⁰ Both adults and children are at high risk of tuberculosis. Effective treatment of tuberculosis in children under 4 years of age presents a number of compliance challenges since appropriate suspension dose forms, particularly for combination medications, are not readily available.¹¹ It has been reported that causes isonicotinyl hydrazone to develop, which in turn causes to degrade in acidic media. The degradation mechanism of rifampicin in the presence of isonicotinyl hydrazone has also been hypothesized.^12,13 For 28 days, the medication formulations alone and in combination were kept at 4, 24, and 40 °C.¹⁴ Antioxidants were included in every formulation since the medication is oxidation-prone.¹⁵ According to published research, obesity decreases a drug's absorption.¹⁶

Natural ingredients as TB-fighting agents:

Plants, animals, and minerals are examples of natural resources that have been used to treat human diseases. The history of medicine begins almost with the existence of civilization in humans. the presentaccepted allopathy or modern medicine has gradually built created over time by scientific and scientists' observing efforts.¹⁷ Humans have chosen natural items as raw materials with efficacy against a variety of ailments over many centuries of practical experience. Such Experiential evaluation differs from scientific evaluation.¹⁸ Health care and natural medicines are often used preparations, such as those mentioned in historical sources like such as the Bible and the Vedas, derived from traditional herbs and plants used for healing, has been linked to natural product occurrence having therapeutic qualities.¹⁹

History and philosophy of tuberculor therapy:

The surgical approach became the gold standard after Carlo Forlanini discovered the positive effects of the artificially induced pneumothorax in 1927.²⁰ As a result of the developed antibiotic resistance, no differences between individuals who had been exposed to streptomycin and those who had not were discovered after 5 years.²¹ The marketing of bedaquiline and delamanid has recently been approved. In the first six months of exposure, the time to culture conversion is sped up (hazard ratio: 2.3). When compared to other anti tuberculosis medications, the safety and tolerability profile is favorable (e.g., acne, bilateral hearing loss, extremities and non cardiac chest discomfort.²²

Curcumin's chemical, physiological, and pharmacological properties:

Curcumin I (77%), curcumin II (demethoxycurcumin 17%), and curcumin III (bisdemethoxycurcumin 3%) constitute the curcuminoids isolated from turmeric.²³ Curcumin is soluble in solvents like acetone, methanol, and ethanol. Curcumin has substantial protective and preventive effects against various diseases such as cancer, autoimmune, neurological, metabolic, lung, liver, and cardiovascular diseases as the keto-enol forms endow curcumin with antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, and antiplatelet aggregation properties.^24,25,26

Curcumin As Anti-Mycobacterial Agent:

Curcumin presents itself as a novel and robust strategy to combat the virulence and antibiotic resistance of Mycobacterium abscessus. Curcumin at minimum inhibitory concentrations of 128 μg/mL reduction exhibited synergistic activity with amikacin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, and linezolid against a clinical strain of Mycobacterium abscessus.²⁷

Remedies of turmeric:

Anemia: Everyday take a dose of 1 tsp of turmeric juice mixed with honey.

Asthma: Boil 1 cup of milk with 1 tsp of turmeric powder. Drink warm.

Burns: Mix 1 tsp of turmeric with 1 tsp of aloe gel and apply to burnt area.

Conjunctivitis: Mix 1 tbsp of crushed, raw turmeric in 1/3 cup of water. Boil and sieve. 2–3 drops of this mixture may be used in each eye up to 3 times per day.

Complexion: Apply a paste of turmeric on the skin before bed, and wash off after a few minutes. In the morning, remove any remaining yellow tinge with a paste of chickpea flour (besan) and oil.

Dental problems: Mix 1 tsp of turmeric with ½ tsp of salt. Add mustard oil to make a paste. Rub the teeth and gums with this paste twice daily.

Diabetes: ½–1 tsp of turmeric should be taken 3 times a day.

Diarrhea: Take ½ tsp of turmeric powder or juice in water, 3 times per day. Pain

Mix 1 tsp of turmeric and 2 tsp of ginger with water to make a paste. Spread over a cloth, place on the affected area and bandage.

Add 1 tsp of turmeric to 1 cup of warm milk and drink before bed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Curcumin appeared to reduce growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis by promoting a form of cell death known apoptosis among macrophages infected by tuberculosis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Several efforts have been made over the years to learn more about curcumin's and its derivatives' which shows antimycobacterial properties. Every year after that, researchers have discovered additional synthetic compounds, targets, and modes of action for curcumin. Curcumin and its derivatives have been demonstrated to enhance the outcome of TB infection in both animal experiments and human trials, suggesting the potential utility of curcumin as a medicinal agent in the treatment of TB. Although the specific molecular mechanisms underlying curcumin's antitubercular activity are still not fully understood, it is possible that many of the molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of TB are associated to this compound's activity. Curcumin is predicted to influence a wide array of physiological and biochemical systems.

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Received on 29.05.2024 Revised on 17.08.2024

Accepted on 12.10.2024 Published on 18.11.2024

Available online from December 19, 2024

Res. J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech.2024; 16(4):365-367.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00057